Forms And Content The Medium Is The Massage - 1976 Words

Part I: Theoretical Background Forms and Content, Take 1: This is Marshall McLuhan: The Medium is the Massage †¢ â€Å"We are in a period of fantastic change that’s coming about at fantastic speed. Your life is changing dramatically and you are numb to it† (1:46). o This quote plays to the reality that as a society we take things for granted. Today’s technology has pushed past the boundaries of what many people thought was possible, yet it does not seem that this is appreciated as often as it ought to be. Although this television special was done in the 60s, long before iPhones and MacBook Pros, the idea that we are numb to progress remains true today. In a world dominated by instant everything, perhaps life is moving so fast that people have stopped noticing it. This could be greatly problematic given that although technology has done a lot to improve people’s lives, this â€Å"progress† may come at a cost, whether it be people’s personal relationships, critical thinking, etc. It is important that people are aware of the reality they now live i n. †¢ â€Å"In the new electric world where everybody is involved in everybody, where everybody is involved in complex processes that are going on in the total environment, the old identity cards that used to constitute private identity, the old means of finding out ‘who am I?’ will not work. People now have to encounter themselves in the inner-world, Kierkegaard, existential style, in order to know who they are† (15:15). o In this point in theShow MoreRelatedThe Medium Is The Message958 Words   |  4 PagesIn Marshall McLuhans, the Medium is the Message, he claims that the medium is more important than the message. I agree with his statement that the medium is more important that the message, because it is not what we say it is how we say it that matters most. The words we use are not as important as the way we choose to say them. I think that sometimes it can seem that what people are saying can be more important but it truly is how it is being perceived tha t is the most important part of the messageRead MoreThe Medium Is The Massage2296 Words   |  10 PagesThe Medium is the Massage. When reading this title it has both a physical and mental effect on people of todays society hence what happens when a person accidently reads the word â€Å"massage† as message. Marshall Mcluhan, the author of The Medium is the Massage, has so much meaning in his novels title. Almost everybody who reads his book would not think much of the title at all, but with just those 5 words he teaches a whole new way to view things. He states that the medium is the message and the messageRead MoreTaking a Look at Marketing Strategies1005 Words   |  4 Pages It is defined as paid form of non personal communication about an organisation, service, product, or idea by an identified sponsor. Public service announcement, which has an sporadic exception whose advertising space or time is provided by media. Advertisement involves with mass media is referred as no personal component which transport a massage to large group of peoples, often at the same time, for instance TV, radio, magazines, newspapers. Non personal component means there will be no opportunityRead MoreIntroduction Advertising is often referred to as above the line expenditure, a term which is1700 Words   |  7 Pagesit has created awareness of the existence of Faulu’s product and also a sense of urgency to consumers by informing them on sales and offers available. Advertising also helps businesses in keeping up with the competition in the market and acts as a form of sales promotion method (Faulu Kenya web link). Literature Review: Identification of the key aspects of the business literature (e.g. service quality) to be underpins the study. This review should briefly cover the main ideas and businessRead MoreThe Political Economy Of Media And Communications Essay2262 Words   |  10 Pagesbroadcasting or through digital downloads, plays an important role in the political economy. Through the commodification of audiences, content consumption and creation, the spatialization of programming, and the structuration and agency within political economic systems. The evolution of the television, from terrestrial to television, in the long line of communications mediums, helps to tell the story of how through culture political economy is created, maintained and social paradigms are reinforced. ThisRead MoreEssay about How Social Media is Changing Social Relationships2635 Words   |  11 Pages2012a). Social media makes communication more continence in a vaster range and brings a possibility to further improve interpersonal relationship. Public can ignore the time, space, status and genders in cyberspace and they are the creator of contents rather than the passive side. Digital media is hoped to establish a virtual community by social networking sites such as Myspace and twitter. Castells states that networks have become the basic units of society (2009a). However, when social mediaRead MoreMandarin Oriental2445 Words   |  10 PagesTable of contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 2.1 Brand overview 2.2 Attraction of the brand 3. Market analysis 3.1 Market research 3.3 Brand SWOT analysis 3.4 Consumer group analysis 3.5 Market segmentation 4. Advertising strategy 4.1 New product and service description 4.2 Objective, vision and mission 4.3 Slogan and logo design 4.4 Marketing/promotional method 4.5 Pricing strategy 5. AdvertisingRead MoreGlobal Plan Qb House- Expansion to the United States of America8044 Words   |  33 PagesGlobal Plan QB House- Expansion to the United States of America Global Plan QB House- Expansion to the United States of America 8/21/2011 BUS548 – International Business Table of Contents Phase One: Planning the Global Business Enterprise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A.   Identifying Global Business Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B.   Analyzing International Competitors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C.   Assessing the Economic-Geographic Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D.   Assessing the Social-Cultural Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMandarin Oriental2452 Words   |  10 PagesTable of contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 2.1 Brand overview 2.2 Attraction of the brand 3. Market analysis 3.1 Market research 3.3 Brand SWOT analysis 3.4 Consumer group analysis 3.5 Market segmentation 4. Advertising strategy 4.1 New product and service description 4.2 Objective, vision and mission 4.3 Slogan and logo design 4.4 Marketing/promotional method 4.5 Pricing strategy 5. Advertising campaign Read MoreAnatomy and Physiology of the Face for City and Guild Level 2 Beauty Therapy3826 Words   |  16 PagesContents Page 1. Introduction Task 1 Page 2. Labelled diagram of the Bones of the cranium. Page 3. Labelled diagram of Bones of the face. Page 4. Labelled diagram of the bones neck, chest shoulder. Task 2 Page 5. Labelled diagram showing the position of the Muscles of the face. Page 6. Labelled diagram showing the Muscles that move the head Page 7 .Chart showing the action and location of the muscle of the face. Task 3 Page 8 (A). Describe briefly the function and composition of blood

The Social Survey ( Gss ) - 1135 Words

Participants Data came from the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS) in which 2,538 participants responded, through computer assisted personal interviewing. For the questions on the generosity category, there were only 1,270 responses, as not every respondent was asked those specific questions. Dependent Variables The two variables of interest to this study were on generosity in terms of both volunteerism and philanthropy. Respondents were presented with â€Å"During the past 12 months, how often have you done each of the following things: Done volunteer work for a charity? †¦ Given money to a charity?† Applicable answers for both questions ranged from: more than once a week, once a week, once a month, at least 2 or 3 times in the past year, once in the past year to not at all in the past year; also included were â€Å"don’t know† and â€Å"no answer†. Independent and Control Variables The independent variables utilized included age, race, sex, years of education, religion, marital status, and general happiness. Most of those are considered core demographic factors for any study, thus no explanation is needed, with the exception of happiness. Happiness was included because of the supposed relationship between happiness and generosity; research has stated that volunteering makes people happy and that happy people volunteer more. For this research, no control variables were used as the interest was in seeing the effect, of lack thereof, of all variables on the dependent variables. Thus,Show MoreRelatedThe Uniform Crime Reporting Survey Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesis the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR), which is made of crimes recorded by the police. 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Many people depend on their jobs for their social network, identity, self-esteem, and happiness (Burnette Pollack, 2013). The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of an employer respecting an employee in the workplace to an employee’s satisfaction with their job. This analysis seeksRead MorePolarization Of Political Views And Loss Of Confidence1524 Words   |  7 Pagesone of these questions, I turned to the General Social Survey. Produced by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, the survey covers many social topics including a general self-assessment of political views, and confidence in societal institutions. This survey randomly sampled adults across the United States and collected the information by in-person inter views, each interview in a given year producing a single case. The GSS has been surveying since 1972, but we will onlyRead MoreA Non Experimental Research Design1317 Words   |  6 Pages(Creswell, 2003). 3.3. Research Methods Using the mixed methods design, the methods of data collection adopted for this study will be the secondary data analysis and in-depth interview. For the quantitative data, secondary data from the General Social Survey (G.S.S.) (Victimization) from Statistics Canada of 2014 would be used. The qualitative method of data collection for this study would be in-depth interview. The two methods would be used to making simple generalizations on the behaviour of theRead MoreCrime And Social Implications Of Crime913 Words   |  4 Pagesand why crimes and victims are viewed in the ways they are. Before the moral and social implications of crime can be thought about, there is the simpler task of tracking crime in general. Crime can be measured in various ways using different methods. In Canada, crime is recorded from two main sources, from the police and from the victims/general population. In 1962, Canada put into place the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR). The UCR aims to provide â€Å"police-reported crime statistics that were completeRead MoreLiberalism And Conservatism Are An Abstract Political Ideology1163 Words   |  5 Pages Method Participants The data was from 2000 General Social Survey (GSS) surveys created by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC, 2016). The GSS is a cross-sectional survey of the United States population that uses a stratified random sampling design to recruit individuals aged 18 years and older, from the English-speaking, non-institutionalized US population (NORC, 2016). Measures Think of self as liberal or conservative. The GSS political views module asked participants to rank themselvesRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1352 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a current social problem that is relevant to American society. Being an impoverished individual in this society places the individual and his or her family at a major disadvantage. According to the United States Census Bureau, 45.3 million American citizens lived in poverty in 2013. Poverty has an impact on society as well as the individual. Higher rates of poverty could lead to higher criminal activity. Individuals who are not sufficiently financially supported will most likely turn toRead MoreRestrictions On Gun Control Laws1508 Words   |  7 Pageshandguns would decrease violent crime by making it harder for criminals to get handguns. Other people argue that more restrictions on handguns would increase violent crime by making it harder for law-abiding citizens to defend themselves with hand guns† (GSS). I predict that a change will not occur and the voiced opinions will become actions. For example, â€Å"Ted Cruz responded by raffling off a shotgun — On Sunday, the senator from Texas set up a webpage offering his supporters the change to win a shotgun

Comparison of Audit Regulatory Regimes †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of Audit Regulatory Regimes. Answer: Introduction All over the world, Auditing is considered as one of the major professions. The auditing profession involves in the conduction of official financial inspection of the business organizations accounting and financial statements (Arens, Elder Mark, 2012). In more precise words, it is the responsibility of the auditors to conduct a thorough inspection of the accounting and financial statements of the organizations in order to ensure that they ate free from any kind of material misstatement and fraudulent. At the time of conducting the audit operations, the auditors need to remind the fact that they are the agents of common public and the investors (William Jr, Glover Prawitt, 2016). It has been noticed that the auditors of Australia have to face some major challenges under the Australian auditing model. Along with the challenges, the auditors of Australia also have to face some of the major opportunities. The major aim of this repost is analyze and evaluate the auditors opportunities a nd challenges under the Australian auditing model (Basu, 2016). After that, another major part of this study is to discuss about the recent regulatory steps taken by Australian audit authority in order to maintain the audit quality. This essay starts with an introduction. The next part of this essay includes the analysis and evaluation of opportunities and challenges faced by the audit professions under Australian auditing standards. The next step involves the discussion of regulatory steps taken to improve audit quality. Based on the whole study, a suitable conclusion is drawn lastly. Opportunities for Audit Profession in Australia In Australia, auditing is considered as one of the major professions and people of Australia consider auditing as a noble profession. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the auditors have to face with some of the major opportunities in the auditing profession. It can be seen that the world financial crisis has a huge effect on the economy of all the countries all over the world and Australia was included in that list. This financial crisis had some major effects on the auditing profession of Australia and this aspects leads to the development of a renewed interest in the roles and importance of the auditors in Australia. This particular aspect provides a strong signal about the strong growth of the auditing industry of Australia. Due to the effects of world financial crisis, the business organizations of Australia have become prompt to take actions so that the further effects of world financial crisis can be avoided (Knechel Salterio, 2016). In this context, the auditors of the companies play a crucial part as they help the companies to develop a strong and effective internal control system within the organizations. Due to the effects of world financial crisis, the companies of Australia are realizing the importance of audit and assurance service for their companies. It has been observed that many Australian organizations did not conduct any audit operations previously, but now they are planning to undertake the audit operations for their organizations. They are realizing the need for the basis management principles for the identification of problematic areas in their business operations so they can get the chance to rectify them (Louwers et al., 2015). This understanding of the Australian companies has been creating opportunities for auditing profession in Australia. This is because only the auditors play a crucial role in these organizations and they are able to conduct true and effective audit programs in order to detect major accounting and financial fraud in the companies; in addition, the auditors take part in the risk management process of the companies (Bell Griffin, 2012). For all of these reasons, the Australian companies are hiring internal audit staffs or they are outsoaring the audit services in order to meet the audit requirements of the companies. This particular aspect leads to the employment of many audit employees in Australia. Due to this factor, the audit companies of Australia get good business opportunities. In the recent years, it has been seen that the business world all over the world is changing in a fast pace. These continuous changes bring complexities for the companies of Australia while handing the fin ancial statements of the companies. This reason leads to the increased importance of audit operations for the companies. Greater amount of risks of the companies increase the role of the auditors. Out of this situation, the auditors get the opportunities to earn more and due to this fact, the companies are able to maintain sustainable growth for their companies (Houghton Campbell, 2013). Due to the increased demand of auditing profession in Australia, the fees for the auditors become reasonable and it creates opportunities for the auditors. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be said that there is a fare opportunities for the growth of the auditing profession in Australia. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the increased opportunities of auditing profession in Australia has increased the role of the auditors in the companies and this aspect creates pressure on the audit professionals to main high level of audit quality. Three major factors that the auditors need to maintain at the time of conducting the audit operations for the companies; they are Quality, Transparency and Independence (Hope, Langli Thomas, 2012). Apart from the above-discussed opportunities, some other opportunities are there for auditing profession in Australia. The process of IT Audit is creating large amount of opportunities for the auditing profession in Australia. With the help of IT audit, the auditors of the companies have become able to conduct the audit operations with the assistance of automated processes. In this context, th e example of KPMG can be considered. It has been seen that KPMG has been collaborating with IBM for the adoption of artificial intelligence in the process of auditing. In addition, the expected future growth of both internal and external audit will create major opportunities for auditing profession in Australia. Thus, from the whole discussion, on aspect is clear that the auditing profession in Australia is growing with a good pace and this process has been developing opportunities for the Australian auditing profession (Christensen, Glover Wood, 2013). Challenges for Audit Profession in Australia From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are major business opportunities for audit profession in Australia. However, it needs to be mentioned that there is not only opportunities, the audit profession has to confront with some of the major challenges in Australia. Some of these major problems are discussed below: One of the major challenges for audit profession in Australia is the failure of audit due to fraudulent financial reporting. In Australia, there are many major corporate collapses due to the effects of fraudulent financial reporting of the companies. Due to the effect of fraudulent financial reporting, the creditors and the investors of the companies had to face with significant amount of losses (Lenz Sarens, 2012). In some of the cases, the major reason contributed towards the collapse of large corporate houses was the failure of audit in those organizations. This is the major challenge for the audit profession as they are bound to produce the correct audit report. The auditors of the companies have to face with great difficulties in case they fail to produce the correct audit report for the companies. The auditors of Australia have to face with this issue on a regular basis. Another major issue for audit profession in Australia is the inclusion of new legislations, regulations and auditing standards. It can be observed in the audit industry of Australia that the Australian audit authorities often come up with different kinds of new auditing regulations, legislations and standards. As per the instructions of the Australian auditing authorities, it is the responsibility of the auditing firms to completely comply with these new auditing standards, regulations and legislations. However, at the time of complying with these new regulations and standards, the audit professionals have to face great difficulties. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that based on the auditing standards and regulations, the auditors develop the audit plans. Each time there is an inclusion of new audit regulations and standards, the auditors have to change the whole audit plan. This is very much difficult for the auditors as it affects the audit operations of the companies (Hu rtt et al., 2013). In addition, the inclusion new standards and regulations make the audit process more complex for the companies and the complex audit process requires more knowledge and skills from the auditors. Thus, it can be said that this is a major challenge for audit profession in Australia. The next major challenge for audit profession in Australia is the increased audit costs and audit fees. In the recent years in Australia, massive rise in the audit costs and audit fees can be seen. This is a major challenge for the audit profession, as they have to deal with these costs. Due to the rise of audit costs, the auditors are bound to increase the audit fees. For this reason, the auditors have to incur large costs regarding staff salaries, the use of advanced technologies, insurance and others. All these reasons make it a big challenge for audit profession in Australia (Cannon Bedard, 2016). The next challenge for audit profession in Australia is to comply with the regulations of auditors independence and the provisions of non-audit services. The provision of non-audit services is creating major pressure on the auditors. On the other hand, non-audit services lead to the development of the threat of auditors independence (Bell Griffin, 2012). It has been seen that non-audit services are strictly prohibited in the audit profession of Australia. It is the responsibility of the auditors to comply with the regulations regarding the provision of non-audit services. Thus, it can be seen that this is a major challenge for audit profession in Australia. Another major challenge for audit profession in Australia is the audit expectation gap and the litigation of the auditors. Audit expectation gap is the difference between auditors opinion and clients expectations. Earlier discussion shows that the business world has been changing in a fast pace; for this reason, the auditors of the companies have to comply with different kinds of regulations and auditing standards. Audit expectation gap contributes to the development of misunderstanding between the auditors and audit clients (Power Gendron, 2015). This misunderstanding leads to the loss of confidence of the audit clients on the audit firms. It can be seen that sometime, audit expectation gap leads to the rise of lawsuits against the audit firms. Dealing with the audit expectation gap is a challenging task for the auditors. For this reason, audit expectation gap is considered as one of the major challenges for audit profession in Australia. Regulatory Attempts to Improve Audit Quality in Australia From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are some major challenges faced by the audit profession in Australia. In order to diminish these challenges and to bring quality in audit operations, the Australia audit authority has developed some major regulatory measures. Some of them are discussed below: The Australian audit authority has introduced the mandatory publication of annual transparency reports. As per this regulation, an audit firm is bound to publish this transparency report in case the company conducts the annual audit of ten or more than ten companies (frc.gov.au, 2017). The Australian audit authority has introduced the provision of Auditors Independence Function. This particular act combines the auditors independence work done by ASIC and FRC and it helps to develop new independence regulations with the help of this rules. The new revised functions help the companies in the making of auditing strategies (Chalmers, Godfrey Lynch, 2012). Another major regulatory step of Australian audit authority to maintain audit quality is the introduction of Audit Deficiency Notification and Report. ASIC has the power to issue audit deficiency report based on certain conditions in case of specific failure of the audit firms (Arruada, 2013). The next step taken by Australian audit authority to maintain the audit quality is to bridge the audit expectation gap. It has been seen that audit expectation gap is one of the major issues in the audit profession of Australia. Australian audit authority has implemented some specific measures in order to bridge the audit expectation gap. The Australian audit authority states the fact that the bridging of audit expectation gap is the shares responsibility of the auditors. Thus, as per Australian audit authority, the auditors of the companies need to be responsible in bridging the audit expectation gap between auditors and audit clients (Kleinman, Lin Palmon, 2014). Financial Reporting Initiatives is another major regulatory step taken by Australian audit authority. As per the initiatives of APCC, the authority is holding talks with the stakeholders of the companies regarding the inclusion of more forward-looking financial statements in the annual reports. On a more precise note, it can be said that the stakeholders of the companies will be able to better understand the financial position of the companies with the help of forward-looking financial information. In addition, this particular aspect will make it easier for the auditors in the preparation of audit reports (Davies Green, 2013). Thus, it can be said that it is a major regulatory initiative to control the audit quality. Apart from the above-mentioned measures, Australian audit authorities have also taken some other regulatory steps in order to maintain the audit quality. The auditing authorizes have stated the fact that there is a need for enhancing the regulatory and self-regulatory initiatives in order to maintain the high quality of audit reports of the companies. Apart from the above, ASIC has also provided the audit firms with some major recommendations for the development of audit works in Australia. Some of them are the introduction of annual transparency report, the inclusion of auditors independence functions, the supply of audit deficiency notification and others. In addition, ASIC has suggested the audit companies to focus on the improvements of consistency in the execution of audit works. In this process, ASIC has invited the response of the companies so that these measures can be further improved (Clout, Chapple Gandhi, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that the audit profession is one of the major professions of Australia. The above discussion shows the fact that the audit profession in Australia has to face some of the major challenges along with opportunities at the time of their audit operations. Some of the major challenges faced by the audit profession in Australia are the presence of fraudulent financial reporting and audit failures; the introduction of new legislation, regulations and standards; the continuously increasing audit cost and audit fees; the presence of audit expectation gap and issues regarding auditors independence. As per the above discussion, it can be seen that due to the effects of world financial crisis, the Australian companies have become eager to conduct audit operations. This process is helpful for the growth of audit profession in Australia as the companies are appointing more audit employees and they are outsourcing their audit operations from external audito rs. The above discussion also states that the Australian audit authorities have taken some regulatory steps to maintain the quality of audit profession; they are the introduction of annual transparency report, the inclusion of auditors independence functions, the supply of audit deficiency notification and others. References Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Mark, B. (2012).Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Arruada, B. (2013).The economics of audit quality: Private incentives and the regulation of audit and non-audit services. Springer Science Business Media. Audit Quality in Australia A Brief Overview of Recent Regulatory and Professional Developments. (2017).frc.gov.au. Retrieved 5 October 2017, from https://www.frc.gov.au/files/2014/02/APPC_Audit_Quality_in_Australia.pdf Basu, S. K. (2016).Auditing Assurance. Pearson Education India. Bell, T. B., Griffin, J. B. (2012). Commentary on auditing high-uncertainty fair value estimates.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 147-155. Cannon, N. H., Bedard, J. C. (2016). Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review,92(4), 81-114. Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J. M., Lynch, B. (2012). Regulatory theory insights into the past, present and future of general purpose water accounting standard setting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(6), 1001-1024. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2013). Extreme estimation uncertainty and audit assurance.Current Issues in Auditing,7(1), P36-P42. Davies, H., Green, D. (2013).Global Financial Regulation: The Essential Guide (Now with a Revised Introduction). John Wiley Sons. Dowling, C., Knechel, W. R., Moroney, R. (2015). Public oversight of audit firms: the slippery-slope of enforcing regulation. Hope, O. K., Langli, J. C., Thomas, W. B. (2012). Agency conflicts and auditing in private firms.Accounting, Organizations and Society,37(7), 500-517. Houghton, K., Campbell, T. (2013).Ethics and auditing(p. 354). ANU Press. Hurtt, R. K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C. E., Krishnamoorthy, G. (2013). Research on auditor professional skepticism: Literature synthesis and opportunities for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), 45-97. Clout, V., Chapple, L., Gandhi, N. (2013). The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms.Accounting Research Journal,26(2), 88-108. Kleinman, G., Lin, B. B., Palmon, D. (2014). Audit quality: A cross-national comparison of audit regulatory regimes.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,29(1), 61-87. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016).Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Lenz, R., Sarens, G. (2012). Reflections on the internal auditing profession: what might have gone wrong?.Managerial Auditing Journal,27(6), 532-549. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2015).Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Power, M. K., Gendron, Y. (2015). Qualitative research in auditing: A methodological roadmap.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(2), 147-165. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016).Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.